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Rye is a major crop in Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine and Eastern Europe, where it has been grown for centuries. Here are some features of rye cultivation in these regions:
Overall, rye is an important crop in Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine and Eastern Europe with a long cultivation history and a significant role in food security, traditional cuisine and export markets.
Central Federal District: This region includes Moscow, Vladimir, Ivanovo, Kostroma and Yaroslavl oblasts. The Central Federal District is the largest rye producer in Russia, accounting for over 30% of the country’s total rye production.
Volga Federal District: This region includes Nizhny Novgorod, Kirov and Saratov oblasts. The Volga Federal District is the second largest rye producer in Russia, accounting for around 20% of the country’s total rye production.
Northwestern Federal District: This region includes Leningrad, Novgorod and Pskov Oblasts. The Northwestern Federal District is also a major rye producer, accounting for around 15% of Russia’s total rye production.
Southern Federal District: This region includes Rostov, Volgograd and Astrakhan oblasts. The Southern Federal District is another important rye producer, accounting for around 10% of Russia’s total rye production.
Ural Federal District: This region includes Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk and Kurgan oblasts. The Ural Federal District is also a major rye producer, accounting for about 5% of Russia’s total rye production.
Specific regions within these federal districts known for their rye production include:
Tver Oblast: Tver Oblast is located in the Central Federal District and is one of the largest rye producers in Russia.
Ryazan Oblast: Ryazan Oblast, also located in central Russia, is another important rye producer.
Kursk Oblast: Kursk Oblast, located in central Russia, is known for its high-quality rye and is a major producer of this crop.
Orel Oblast: Orel Oblast, located in central Russia, is also a major rye producer.
These regions have favorable climatic and soil conditions for rye production, with cold winters and temperate summers that allow good growth and development of the crop.
According to the Russian Ministry of Agriculture, the rye sown area in Russia for the 2023 harvest is expected to be around 2022 to 2,3 million as of November 2,4 Hektar be. This is based on data from the ministry’s sowing campaign monitoring, which showed that as of November 10, 2022, Russian farmers had sown around 2,27 million hectares of rye for the 2023 crop. It should be noted that the final rye sowing area in Russia in 2023 may vary depending on various factors, including weather conditions, soil moisture and market trends.
Here is a rough breakdown of the area under rye cultivation in Russia in recent years:
Russia is one of the world’s largest rye producers and several varieties of rye are grown in the country. Here are some of the most commonly grown rye varieties in Russia:
Moskovskaya 35: This is one of the most popular and widespread varieties of rye in Russia. It is a winter rye variety known for its high yield, good disease resistance and tolerance to cold temperatures.
Kurskaya 90: This variety is also widely grown in Russia, especially in the Kursk region. It is a winter rye variety known for its high yield, good grain quality and resistance to mildew.
Saratovskaya 40: This variety is grown in the Saratov region of Russia and is known for its high yield, good grain quality and drought tolerance.
Altayskaya 95: This variety is grown in the Altai region of Russia and is known for its high yield, good grain quality and resistance to mildew.
Omskaya 100: This variety is grown in the Omsk region of Russia and is known for its high yield, good grain quality and tolerance to cold temperatures.
Novosibirskaya 85: This variety is grown in the Novosibirsk region of Russia and is known for its high yield, good grain quality and resistance to powdery mildew.
Krasnoyarskaya 80: This variety is grown in the Krasnoyarsk Region of Russia and is known for its high yield, good grain quality and tolerance to cold temperatures.
Voronezhskaya 75: This variety is grown in the Voronezh region of Russia and is known for its high yield, good grain quality and resistance to powdery mildew.
Rostovskaya 70: This variety is grown in the Rostov region of Russia and is known for its high yield, good grain quality and drought tolerance.
Stavropolskaya 65: This variety is grown in the Stavropol region of Russia and is known for its high yield, good grain quality and resistance to mildew.
Moisture content: The moisture content of rye grains should not exceed 14,5% to ensure proper storage and processing.
Protein content: The protein content of rye grains should be at least 10,5% to ensure good baking quality.
Gluten content: The gluten content of rye grains should be at least 2,5% to ensure good baking quality.
Thousand grain weight: The thousand grain weight of the rye grains should be at least 35 grams to ensure good grain quality.
Grain size and shape: Rye grains should be uniform in size and shape, with a minimum length of 5 mm and a maximum length of 7 mm.
Color: Rye grains should have a characteristic gray-brown color.
Impurities: The content of impurities in rye grains should not exceed 2%, including broken grains, weed seeds and other impurities.
Case count: The rye grains should be dropped for at least 250 seconds to ensure good baking quality.
In Russia, rye quality standards are regulated by the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology (Rosstandart) and are based on the following standards:
GOST 28674-2014: “Grains of rye. Specifications” – This standard specifies the requirements for rye grains, including moisture content, protein content, gluten content, thousand grain weight, grain size and shape, color, impurities, and descending number.
GOST 31755-2012: “Rye flour. Specifications” – This standard specifies the requirements for rye flour, including protein content, gluten content, ash content and moisture content.
GOST 31756-2012: “Rye bread. Specifications” – This standard specifies the requirements for rye bread, including protein content, gluten content, ash content and moisture content.
To ensure compliance with quality standards, Russian rye producers and exporters can obtain certification from organizations such as:
Rosstandard: The Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology, responsible for the development and enforcement of technical regulations and standards in Russia.
GOST-R: The Russian certification system based on GOST standards, ensuring that products meet the requirements of the Russian market.
ISO 9001: The international quality management system standard that ensures that the manufacturer or exporter has a quality management system in place to ensure consistent quality.
According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, the total volume of rye production in Russia has fluctuated over the years. Here is the data from the last few years:
On average, Russia produces around 2,3 to 2,5 million tons of rye per year, making it one of the largest rye producers in the world. It is worth noting that Russia is also a major exporter of rye and a significant part of its production is shipped to other countries, especially Europe and Asia.
According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, Russia is one of the largest rye producers and exporters in the world. Here are some statistics about Russian rye’s share in the world market:
In 2020, Russia produced 4,3 million tons of rye, accounting for about 14% of global rye production. Russia is the second largest rye producer in the world after Poland.
In 2020, Russia exported around 1,3 million tons of rye, accounting for about 23% of global rye exports. Russia is the world’s largest rye exporter, followed by Poland and Germany.
According to a report by the International Grains Council (IGC), Russia’s share of the global rye market in 2020/21 was around 18%. (Source: IGC)
Another report from the Russian Grain Union estimates that Russia’s share of the global rye market was about 2020% in 20. (Source: Russian Grain Union)
The main destinations for Russian rye exports are:
Kazakhstan is a major producer of rye and is mainly grown in the northern and eastern regions of the country. Here are the main rye growing areas in Kazakhstan.
Akmola region: Akmola is located in the north-central part of Kazakhstan and is one of the largest rye-growing regions in the country. The region’s fertile soils and favorable climate make it an ideal place for growing rye.
North Kazakhstan region: The North Kazakhstan region borders Russia to the north and is another important rye growing area. Due to its proximity to the Russian border and similar climate, the region is well suited to growing rye.
East Kazakhstan region: The East Kazakhstan region is located in the eastern part of Kazakhstan and is known for its harsh terrain and climate. However, the region’s valleys and foothills are suitable for rye cultivation and are a major rye producer.
Pavlodar region: The Pavlodar region is located in northeastern Kazakhstan and is a major rye producer. The region’s fertile soils and sufficient moisture make it an ideal place for growing the crop.
Karaganda region: The Karaganda region is located in the central part of Kazakhstan and is a major rye producer. The region’s coal mining and agricultural sectors make important contributions to the local economy, and rye is an important crop in the region.
Kostanay region: The Kostanay region is located in northwest Kazakhstan and is a major rye producer. The region’s fertile soils and favorable climate make it an ideal place for growing this crop.
These six regions account for the majority of Kazakhstan’s rye production. The country’s rye production is mainly focused on meeting domestic demand, with some excess production being exported to neighboring countries.
Kazakhstan is a major producer of rye, and several varieties are grown in the country. Here are some of the most commonly grown rye varieties in Kazakhstan.
Kazakhstanskaya 1: This is a popular winter rye variety known for its high yield and disease resistance. It is commonly grown in the northern and central regions of Kazakhstan.
Saryarka: This variety is also a winter rye known for its high protein content and good baking quality. It is commonly grown in the eastern and southern regions of Kazakhstan.
Zhetysu: This variety is a spring rye known for its high yield and drought resistance. It is commonly grown in the southern and southeastern regions of Kazakhstan.
Almatinskaya: This variety is a winter rye known for its high yield and good baking quality. It is commonly grown in the southeastern regions of Kazakhstan, particularly in Almaty Province.
Kostanayskaya: This variety is a winter rye known for its high yield and disease resistance. It is commonly grown in the northern and central regions of Kazakhstan, especially in Kostanay Province.
North Kazakhstan: This variety is a winter rye known for its high yield and good baking quality. It is commonly grown in the northern regions of Kazakhstan, especially in the North Kazakhstan Province.
Akmolinskaya: This variety is a winter rye known for its high yield and disease resistance. Cultivation often occurs in the central regions of Kazakhstan, especially in Akmola Province.
East Kazakhstan: This variety is a winter rye known for its high yield and good baking quality. It is commonly grown in the eastern regions of Kazakhstan, especially in the East Kazakhstan Province.
Kazakhstan standard ST RK 1471-2005: This standard specifies the requirements for rye grain, including quality indicators, packaging, labeling and storage.
Kazakhstan standard ST RK 1472-2005: This standard specifies the requirements for rye flour, including quality indicators, packaging, labeling and storage.
GOST 28661-2013: This standard specifies the requirements for rye cereals and rye flour, including quality indicators, packaging, labeling and storage.
ISO 6644: 2009: This international standard specifies the requirements for rye cereals, including quality indicators, sampling and testing methods.
Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan: This ministry is responsible for regulating the quality of rye and other agricultural products in Kazakhstan.
Kazakh Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology: This agency is responsible for developing and implementing technical regulations and standards for rye and other products in Kazakhstan.
Kazakhstan Institute of Standardization and Metrology: This institute is responsible for developing and implementing standards for rye and other products in Kazakhstan.
Certificate of Conformity for Kazakhstan: This certificate is issued by the Kazakh Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology to confirm that rye products meet the requirements of Kazakh standards.
Labeling requirements: Rye products from Kazakhstan must be labeled with information such as product name, net weight, moisture content, protein content and country of origin.
According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, the total amount of rye production in Kazakhstan has fluctuated over the years. Here is the data from the last few years:
Here are some statistics about Kazakhstan’s rye production and its share in the world market:
In 2020, Kazakhstan produced 1,3 million tons of rye, which accounted for about 2,5% of the world’s total rye production. (Source: FAO)
Kazakhstan’s rye production has increased steadily over the years, with an average annual growth rate of 3,5% from 2010 to 2020. (Source: FAO)
The global rye market size was estimated at approximately 2020 million tons in 34,6. (Source: Grand View Research)
The global rye market is dominated by Europe, which accounts for over 70% of global rye production. (Source: FAO)
Based on the above statistics, Kazakhstan’s share in the world rye market is about 3,7% (1,3 million tons out of 34,6 million tons).
Although Kazakhstan is not one of the three largest rye producers (Russia, Poland and Germany), it is an important player in the global rye market, especially in the Central Asian region.
Kazakhstan exports a significant portion of its rye production, with the main buyer countries being neighboring countries such as Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. (Source: Trade Map)
In 2020, Kazakhstan’s rye exports reached 444.000 tons, worth around 123 million US-Dollar. (Source: Trade Map)
Here is a summary of the price dynamics for rye from Kazakhstan over the past five years (2017-2021).
The average annual price of rye in Kazakhstan was about 55.000 KZT (Kazakh Tenge) per tonne, which is about 165 USD per ton corresponds. Prices were relatively stable throughout the year, ranging between KZT 50.000 and 60.000 per ton.
The average annual price of rye in Kazakhstan rose to about 65.000 KZT per ton, which is equivalent to about $195 per ton. Prices were higher in the first half of the year, peaking at around KZT 70.000 per tonne in June, before falling to around KZT 60.000 per tonne in the second half of the year.
The average annual price of rye in Kazakhstan fell to about 58.000 KZT per ton, which is equivalent to about $175 per ton. Prices were relatively stable throughout the year, ranging between KZT 55.000 and 62.000 per ton.
The average annual price of rye in Kazakhstan rose to about 70.000 KZT per ton, which is equivalent to about $210 per ton. Prices were higher in the first half of the year, peaking at around KZT 75.000 per tonne in May, before falling to around KZT 65.000 per tonne in the second half of the year.
The average annual price of rye in Kazakhstan is currently about 75.000 KZT per ton, which is equivalent to about $225 per ton. Prices have been relatively stable so far this year, ranging between KZT 70.000 and 80.000 per ton.
Ukraine is one of the world’s largest producers and exporters of rye, and the crop is an important part of the country’s agricultural sector. The main regions of rye production in Ukraine are:
Polissia region: This region includes the northern parts of Ukraine, such as Chernihiv, Sumy and Kiev oblasts. The Polissia region is known for its fertile soils and favorable climate, making it an ideal place for rye production.
Volhynia region: The Volhynia region is located in northwestern Ukraine and includes the Volhynia, Rivne and Zhytomyr oblasts. This region is also known for its fertile soils and is a major rye producer in Ukraine.
Khmelnytskyi region: This region is located in western Ukraine and includes Khmelnytskyi, Ternopil and Ivano-Frankivsk Oblasts. The Khmelnytskyi region is known for its hilly terrain and fertile soils, which make it suitable for rye production.
Lviv region: The Lviv region is located in western Ukraine and includes the Lviv, Zakarpattia and Chernivtsi oblasts. This region is known for its mountainous terrain and is a major rye producer in Ukraine.
Dnipropetrovsk region: This region is located in eastern Ukraine and includes the Dnipropetrovsk, Zaporizhzhia and Kharkiv oblasts. The Dnipropetrovsk region is known for its fertile soils and is a major rye producer in Ukraine.
These five regions account for the majority of Ukraine’s rye production, with the Polissia and Volyn regions being the largest producers. According to the Ukrainian Ministry of Agricultural Policy and Food, these regions accounted for over 2020% of Ukraine’s total rye production in 70.
Here’s a rough breakdown of rye production by region:
According to the Ukrainian Ministry of Agricultural Policy and Food, the area under rye cultivation in Ukraine for the 2023 harvest is expected to be about 2022-340 thousand hectares in December 350.000. This information is based on data from the Ukrainian State Statistics Service and the Ministry of Agricultural Policy and Food.
Here is a rough breakdown of the area under rye cultivation in Ukraine in recent years:
Ukraine is one of the world’s largest rye producers and several varieties are grown in the country. Here are some of the most commonly grown rye varieties in Ukraine.
Korotkostebelnyi: This is one of the most popular rye varieties in Ukraine, known for its high yield and good disease resistance.
Dnipro: This variety is widely grown in Ukraine and is characterized by high yield, good quality and resistance to lodging (dropping).
Kharkivskii: As the name suggests, this variety comes from the Kharkiv region of Ukraine and is known for its high yield, good quality and disease resistance.
Poltavskii: This variety is grown in the Poltava region of Ukraine and is characterized by high yield, good quality and storage stability.
Zaporizhia: This variety is grown in the Zaporizhia region of Ukraine and is known for its high yield, good quality and disease resistance.
Kievskii: This variety is grown in the Kiev region of Ukraine and is characterized by high yield, good quality and storage stability.
Odessa: This variety is grown in the Odessa region of Ukraine and is known for its high yield, good quality and disease resistance.
Siverskii: This variety is grown in the northern regions of Ukraine and is characterized by high yield, good quality and cold resistance.
Vyzhnytskii: This variety is grown in the western regions of Ukraine and is known for its high yield, good quality and disease resistance.
Lutskii: This variety is grown in the Volyn region of Ukraine and is characterized by high yield, good quality and storage stability.
DSTU 4493:2005: This is the Ukrainian national standard for rye, which establishes the requirements for the quality and safety of rye grain.
ISO-7971 1: 2009: This is the international standard for rye, which specifies the requirements for the quality and safety of rye grain.
GOST 28674-90: This is the Russian national standard for rye, which also applies in Ukraine and establishes the requirements for the quality and safety of rye grain.
Ukrainian rye is typically divided into three categories:
Ukrainian rye exports are usually certified by the Ukrainian State Service for Food Safety and Consumer Protection, which issues a phytosanitary certificate and a certificate of origin. In addition, some Ukrainian rye exporters may also receive certification from international organizations such as the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) or the International Association of Cereal Science and Technology (ICCST).
According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, the total volume of rye production in Ukraine has fluctuated over the years. Here are some data on Ukrainian rye production from 2010 to 2020:
As you can see, Ukraine’s rye production has increased steadily over the years, with some fluctuations. In 2020, Ukraine produced a record 1.744.100 tons of rye.
It is worth noting that Ukraine is one of the largest rye producers in the world, accounting for about 10-15% of global rye production. The country’s fertile soil, favorable climate and well-developed agricultural sector contribute to its high rye production.
In 2020, Ukraine produced 3,4 million tons of rye, which accounted for around 14% of global rye production. Ukraine is the third largest rye producer in the world after Russia and Poland. (Source: FAO)
In 2020, Ukraine exported around 1,3 million tons of rye, which accounted for around 23% of global rye exports. Ukraine is the second largest rye exporter in the world after Russia. (Source: FAO)
Ukraine’s share of the world rye market is about 15-20%. Ukraine’s market share in rye exports is about 25-30%. (Source: UkrAgroConsult)
The average export price of Ukrainian rye in 2018 was around $170-180 per ton. Prices were relatively stable throughout the year, with a slight increase in the second half due to strong demand from European buyers.
The average export price for Ukrainian rye in 2019 was around $190-200 per ton. Prices rose in the first half of the year due to a drought in Ukraine that affected the rye harvest. However, prices stabilized in the second half of the year as the harvest turned out better than expected.
The average export price of Ukrainian rye was around $2020-220 per ton in 230. Prices rose in the first half due to the COVID-19 pandemic, leading to increased demand for grains and disruptions to global supply chains. Prices remained high throughout the year, driven by strong demand from China and other Asian countries.
The average export price of Ukrainian rye in 2021 was around $250-260 per ton. Prices continued to rise in the first half of the year, driven by strong demand from Europe and Asia as well as supply chain disruptions caused by the pandemic. However, prices began to fall in the second half of the year as global grain supply increased and demand weakened.
The average export price for Ukrainian rye in 2022 was around US$280-300 per ton (as of August 2022). Prices have continued to rise in 2022, driven by the ongoing war in Ukraine, which has disrupted grain exports and raised concerns about global food security. The Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 also led to a significant increase in prices as the conflict impacted grain production and exports.
Demand for Ukrainian rye is expected to remain strong, driven by continued growth in the global whiskey industry and increasing demand for artisan bread and baked goods. Exports are forecast to increase by 5-7% annually and reach around 2025-1,7 million tonnes by 1,9.
As the global economy recovers from the pandemic, demand for rye is expected to continue to grow, driven by increasing consumer interest in craft beverages and foods. According to forecasts, Ukrainian rye exports will increase by 8-10% annually and reach about 2030-2,2 million tons by 2,5.
As the global food and beverage industry continues to evolve, demand for rye is expected to remain strong, driven by growing demand for sustainable and locally sourced ingredients. According to forecasts, Ukrainian rye exports will increase by 10-12% annually and reach about 2035-2,8 million tons by 3,2.
Overall, demand for rye from Ukraine is expected to remain strong in the short, medium and long term, driven by growing demand from the food and beverage industry and increasing consumer interest in artisanal and locally grown products. However, the forecast is subject to risks and uncertainties, including weather-related crop failures, trade tensions and changes in global consumer preferences.
Poland is one of the largest rye producers in the European Union. The main growing areas for rye are:
The Czech Republic is also a major rye producer in Eastern Europe. The main growing areas for rye are:
Slovakia is another important rye producer in the region. The main growing areas for rye are:
Hungary is a smaller but still significant rye producer in Eastern Europe. The main growing areas for rye are:
Romania is also a major rye producer in Eastern Europe. The main growing areas for rye are:
Bulgaria is a smaller rye producer in Eastern Europe, but still significant. The main growing areas for rye are:
Eastern Europe, with the exception of Russia and Ukraine, has a diverse variety of rye varieties. Here are some examples of popular rye varieties grown in various countries in the region.
“Dańkowskie Złote” – a popular variety known for its high yield and good baking quality.
“Amulet” – a winter rye variety with high lodging resistance and good disease tolerance.
“Kaszubskie” – a traditional variety from the Kaszuby region, known for its distinctive taste and aroma.
“Viktoria” – a winter rye variety with high yield potential and good disease resistance.
“Rapid” – a fast-maturing variety suitable for early sowing and harvesting.
“Korzo” – a traditional variety with high protein content and good bread-making quality.
“Slovana” – a winter rye variety with high yield potential and good disease resistance.
“Tatran” – a variety known for its high protein content and good baking quality.
“Liptovské” – a traditional variety from the Liptov region, known for its distinctive taste and aroma.
“Kincső” – a winter rye variety with high yield potential and good disease resistance.
“Gyöngyösi” – a variety known for its high protein content and good baking quality.
“Szegedi” – a traditional variety from the Szeged region, known for its distinctive taste and aroma.
“Română” – a winter rye variety with high yield potential and good disease resistance.
“Ardeal” – a variety known for its high protein content and good baking quality.
“Moldovenească” – a traditional variety from the Moldova region, known for its distinctive taste and aroma.
“Balkan” – a winter rye variety with high yield potential and good disease resistance.
“Pazardzhik” – a variety known for its high protein content and good baking quality.
“Thracian” – a traditional variety from the Thracian region, known for its distinctive taste and aroma.
“Lietuviškasis” – a winter rye variety with high yield potential and good disease resistance.
“Aukštaitiškas” – a variety known for its high protein content and good baking quality.
“Žemaitiškas” – a traditional variety from the Žemaitija region, known for its distinctive taste and aroma.
“Latvijskais” – a winter rye variety with high yield potential and good disease resistance.
“Vidzemes” – a variety known for its high protein content and good baking quality.
“Kurzemes” – a traditional variety from the Aktuelle region, known for its distinctive taste and aroma.
“Eesti” – a winter rye variety with high yield potential and good disease resistance.
“Tartu” – a variety known for its high protein content and good baking quality.
“Saaremaa” – a traditional variety from the Saaremaa region, known for its distinctive taste and aroma.
Quality indicators
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According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, this is the total rye production in Eastern Europe (excluding Russia and Ukraine) in recent years.
Total: 5.531.800 tons
According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, global rye production was around 2020 million tons in 13,3. Here is a breakdown of the share of rye production from Eastern Europe (excluding Russia and Ukraine) in the global market:
The total production of rye from these Eastern European countries is around 6.343.100 tons, which accounts for about 47,6% of global rye production.
2018: The average price of rye in Poland was around €140-150 per ton.
2019: Prices rose to €160-170 per tonne due to strong demand from the bioethanol industry and limited supply.
2020: Prices fell to €130-140 per ton due to a bumper harvest and increasing competition from other grains.
2021: Prices recovered to €150-160 per tonne as demand from the bioethanol industry remained strong and supply was limited.
2022: Prices are stable at around €150-160 per tonne, with some fluctuations due to weather conditions and trade tensions.
2018: The average price of rye in Hungary was around €120-130 per ton.
2019: Prices rose to €140-150 per tonne due to strong demand from the bioethanol industry and limited supply.
2020: Prices fell to €110-120 per ton due to a bumper harvest and increasing competition from other grains.
2021: Prices recovered to €130-140 per tonne as demand from the bioethanol industry remained strong and supply was limited.
2022: Prices are stable at around €130-140 per tonne, with some fluctuations due to weather conditions and trade tensions.
2018: The average price of rye in the Czech Republic was around €130-140 per ton.
2019: Prices rose to €150-160 per tonne due to strong demand from the bioethanol industry and limited supply.
2020: Prices fell to €120-130 per ton due to a bumper harvest and increasing competition from other grains.
2021: Prices recovered to €140-150 per tonne as demand from the bioethanol industry remained strong and supply was limited.
2022: Prices are stable at around €140-150 per tonne, with some fluctuations due to weather conditions and trade tensions.
2018: The average price of rye in Slovakia was around €110-120 per ton.
2019: Prices rose to €130-140 per tonne due to strong demand from the bioethanol industry and limited supply.
2020: Prices fell to €100-110 per ton due to a bumper harvest and increasing competition from other grains.
2021: Prices recovered to €120-130 per tonne as demand from the bioethanol industry remained strong and supply was limited.
2022: Prices are stable at around €120-130 per tonne, with some fluctuations due to weather conditions and trade tensions.
2018: The average price of rye in Romania was around €100-110 per ton.
2019: Prices rose to €120-130 per tonne due to strong demand from the bioethanol industry and limited supply.
2020: Prices fell to €90-100 per ton due to a bumper harvest and increasing competition from other grains.
2021: Prices recovered to €110-120 per tonne as demand from the bioethanol industry remained strong and supply was limited.
2022: Prices are stable at around €110-120 per tonne, with some fluctuations due to weather conditions and trade tensions.
