Barley

Barley has many uses. It can be ground into flour and used to make bread, cereal, soup, and porridge. Barley malt is used in the production of beer and whiskey. Barley is also used as animal feed, especially for cattle, pigs and poultry.

Barley is high in fiber, vitamins (especially B vitamins) and minerals such as iron, magnesium and zinc. It also contains valuable antioxidants. Eating barley can help promote digestion, lower cholesterol and support the immune system.

Overall, barley is a versatile grain with a long history and a wide range of uses in nutrition and food production.

Origin of barley

The exact origin of barley is not clear, as it has been cultivated for thousands of years and its origins could lie in different regions. However, it is believed that barley originally came from the Middle East, specifically the area of ​​present-day Iran and Iraq. From there, over time, it spread to other parts of the world, such as Europe, North Africa, and Asia. Today, barley is grown worldwide and is an important crop.

Barley species

There are different types of barley that differ in their morphology, cultivation behavior and uses. Here are some of the most common types of barley:

• Two-row barley (Hordeum distichon): This species has two rows of grains on the head and is often used for beer making. It has a higher starch content and lower protein content than other types of barley.
• Six-row barley (Hordeum vulgare var. hexastichon): This species has six rows of grains on the head and is mainly used as a fodder grain for animals. It has a higher protein content and lower starch content than double-row barley.
• Naked barley (Hordeum vulgare var. nudum): In this species, the outer husk of the grain peels off easily, making processing easier. Naked barley is often used to make barley flour and flakes.
• Winter barley: This type of barley is sown in autumn and overwinters in the ground. It is cold and frost tolerant and is commonly grown in regions with mild winters.
• Spring barley: In contrast to winter barley, spring barley is sown in spring and ripens in summer. It has a shorter growing season and is grown in regions with warmer climates.

These are just a few of the many types of barley that exist. There are also special varieties that have been developed for specific applications, such as malting barley for beer production or fodder barley for animal feed. The choice of barley species depends on the specific needs of cultivation and use.

Chemical composition and nutritional value of barley

The chemical composition and nutritional value of barley can vary depending on the variety and cultivation variables. In general, however, barley contains the following nutrients:

• Carbohydrates: Barley is high in carbohydrates, especially in the form of starch. These provide energy for the body.
• Fiber: Barley contains a good amount of fiber, which can help promote healthy digestion.
• Proteins: Barley contains proteins that are important for building and repairing tissues in the body.
• Fats: Barley contains small amounts of fat, mainly in the form of unsaturated fatty acids.
• Vitamins: Barley contains several vitamins, including vitamin B complex (such as thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, and folic acid) and vitamin E.
• Minerals: Barley contains minerals such as iron, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium and zinc.

The exact nutritional value of barley can vary depending on how it is prepared. However, here are some general nutritional facts for 100 grams of unprocessed barley:

• Calories: about 354 kcal
• Carbohydrates: approx. 73 g
• Fiber: about 17 g
• Proteins: approx. 12 g
• Fats: approx. 2 g
• Vitamins: vitamin B complex, vitamin E
• Minerals: Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Zinc

It is important to note that these values ​​are guidelines only and may vary depending on the strain and growing variables. It is recommended to check the exact nutritional information on the packaging or in specific nutritional tables for accurate information.

Cultivation of barley

Barley is grown in many countries around the world and is an important crop. Here are some important aspects of growing barley:

• Growing regions: Barley is grown in different climate zones, from temperate to cool regions. The main growing countries include Russia, Canada, Australia, Germany, France, Great Britain, the USA and China.
• Soil and Climate Requirements: Barley prefers well-drained soils with a pH between 6 and 7. It can be grown in a variety of climates, but it is adaptable, tolerant of both cool and dry conditions.
• Sowing: Barley is usually sown in spring or autumn, depending on the region and climatic conditions. The seeds are sown in the ground and covered with a certain depth.
• Growth Cycle: Barley has a relatively short growth cycle of around 90 to 120 days, depending on the variety and growing conditions. It goes through various stages of development such as germination, vegetation growth, flowering and maturation.
• Care and Fertilization: During cultivation, barley requires regular watering, especially during germination and vegetation growth. Fertilizers are used to provide the soil with the necessary nutrients and to encourage plant growth.
• Harvest: Barley is harvested when the grains are fully ripe and the moisture has dropped to the desired level. The crops are usually harvested using combines, and the grains are then dried and cleaned to prepare them for sale.

It is important to note that barley growing can be affected by many factors such as weather conditions, pest infestations and diseases. Farmers need to use proper growing practices and monitor crops regularly to ensure good harvest quality and quantity.

Quality criteria for barley

Various criteria are taken into account when assessing the quality of barley. Here are some important barley quality criteria:

• Moisture content: The moisture content of barley is an important factor that influences storage and shelf life. Too high a moisture level can lead to mold growth and spoilage, while too low a moisture level can affect germination. The ideal moisture content is usually between 12% and 14%.
• Purity: The purity of barley refers to the presence of impurities such as weed seeds, foreign objects, or other grains. High purity is important to ensure barley quality and improve processing efficiency.
• Grain size: The grain size of barley can vary and is often divided into different categories, such as coarse barley, medium barley and fine barley. The grain size can influence the use of the barley, e.g. fine barley is often preferred for beer production.
• Germination: The germination of barley indicates how well the seeds can germinate and grow. High germination is important to ensure good plant establishment and yield potential.
• Protein content: The protein content of barley is an important factor for use in animal feed and in the brewing industry. Higher protein content can lead to better forage quality, while lower protein content is preferred for beer production.
• Starch content: The starch content of barley is another important factor for use in the brewing industry. A higher starch content can result in a higher yield of fermentable sugars needed for beer production.

These quality criteria can vary depending on the intended use of the barley. For example, barley quality requirements for animal feed may be different than for the brewing industry. It is important that farmers, traders and buyers are aware of the specific quality requirements and ensure that the barley meets these requirements.

Barley products

There are various barley products made from barley. Here are some of the most common:

• Barley Grains: Whole barley grains are often used as a side dish or a main ingredient in savory dishes such as soups, stews, and salads. They have a nutty texture and a mild taste.
• Barley Flour: Barley flour is made from ground barley grains and can be used as an alternative to wheat flour in baked goods like bread, cookies, and pancakes. It has a slightly sweet taste and a slightly denser texture.
• Barley Flakes: Barley flakes are similar to rolled oats and can be used as a base for muesli, porridge or as an ingredient in baked goods. They are high in fiber and have a pleasant texture.
• Barley malt: Barley malt is made from sprouted barley grains and is often used in brewing to aid in the fermentation process and to give the beer a sweet taste. It is also used in the manufacture of malt vinegar, malt candy and malt beverages.
• Barley Flake Flour: Barley flake flour is made from ground barley flakes and can be used as a gluten-free alternative to wheat flour. It is good for making pancakes, cookies and other baked goods.
• Barley Bran: Barley bran is the outer layer of the barley grain and is high in fiber. It can be used as an ingredient in baked goods or as a topping for muesli and yoghurt.

These barley products offer a variety of ways to incorporate barley into your diet and reap its health benefits.

Use of barley

Barley can be used in a variety of ways. Here are some common uses:

• Barleycorns as an accompaniment: Cooked barleycorns can be used as an accompaniment to hearty dishes such as soups, stews, salads or as a filling for vegetables. They give the dishes a nutty texture and a mild taste.
• Barley Flour in Baked Goods: Barley flour can be used as an alternative to wheat flour in baked goods such as bread, cookies, pancakes, or pie crusts. It gives the baked goods a slightly sweet taste and a slightly denser texture.
• Barley flakes in muesli and porridge: Barley flakes can be used as a base for muesli or porridge. They can be mixed with milk, yoghurt or fruit for a nutritious and filling breakfast.
• Barley malt in the brewery: Barley malt is often used in the brewery to support the fermentation process and give the beer a sweet taste. It can also be used in the manufacture of malt vinegar, malt candy and malt beverages.
• Barley bran as a source of fiber: Barley bran can be used as an ingredient in baked goods or as a topping for granola and yogurt. It is high in fiber and helps promote healthy digestion.
• Barley flake flour as a gluten-free alternative: Barley flake flour can be used as a gluten-free alternative to wheat flour. It is good for making pancakes, cookies and other baked goods for people with gluten intolerance.

In addition, barley can also be consumed in the form of barley grass powder or barley juice as a dietary supplement as it is rich in nutrients. There is also barley coffee, which is made from roasted barley grains and serves as a caffeine-free alternative to coffee.

Barley has a wide range of uses, providing a healthy and tasty addition to various dishes and foods.

Barley cultivation in Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Europe

Barley cultivation is widespread in Ukraine, Kazakhstan and various countries in Europe. Here is some information about barley cultivation in these regions:

• Ukraine: Ukraine is one of the largest barley producers in the world. The country has favorable climatic conditions and fertile soils suitable for growing barley. The main growing areas are in the regions of central and eastern Ukraine. Ukrainian barley production is used for both domestic consumption and export.
• Kazakhstan: Kazakhstan is another major barley producer in the region. The country has large agricultural areas and favorable climatic conditions for growing barley. The main growing areas are in the northern and central regions of the country. Kazakhstan exports a large part of its barley production.
• Europe: In Europe, barley is grown in many countries including Germany, France, Great Britain, Spain, Poland and Russia. Growing conditions vary by region, but barley thrives best in temperate climates. Europe is both a large producer and consumer of barley. Barley production is used for various purposes including beer brewing, animal feed and human nutrition.

Barley cultivation in these regions plays an important role in agriculture and contributes to the local economy as well as the global supply of barley. The quality and quantity of the barley harvest depends on various factors including weather conditions, soil quality and farming practices.

Perspectives on barley cultivation

The perspectives of barley cultivation are promising as barley plays an important role in various fields. Here are some perspectives for growing barley:

• Food industry: Barley is used as food for humans in the form of barley grains, barley flour, barley flakes and barley bran. Because of its high fiber content and health benefits, barley is increasingly valued as a healthy alternative to other grains. The demand for barley products in the food industry could therefore increase.
• Animal feed: Barley is also used as feed for livestock such as cattle, pigs and poultry. It is a good source of energy and nutrients and can help increase animal production. With the growing demand for animal products worldwide, the demand for barley as animal feed could also increase.
• Brewing Beer: Barley is one of the main ingredients for brewing beer. With the rising popularity of craft beers and the growing beer industry worldwide, the demand for barley as a raw material for beer production could increase.
• Export Opportunities: Countries like Ukraine and Kazakhstan are major exporters of barley. With increasing demand for barley in the international market, these countries could further expand their exports and benefit from growing global trade opportunities.
• Climate Resilience: Barley is considered one of the most climate resilient grains and can be grown in different climate zones. With the increasing challenges of climate change, barley could be an attractive option for farmers looking for resilient crops.
• Sustainable Agriculture: Barley can also play an important role in sustainable farming systems. It requires less water and fertilizer compared to other grains and can help promote environmentally friendly agriculture.

Overall, the prospects of barley cultivation offer opportunities for farmers looking for diversified cropping options, as well as for the food and beverage industry looking for healthy and sustainable ingredients.

Barley price dynamics in the world during the last 10 years

Barley price dynamics in the world over the last 10 years have been influenced by various factors. Here are some key developments:

• 2011-2012: In 2011 and 2012, barley prices increased due to a combination of increasing demand and limited supply. Drought in important growing regions such as Russia and Australia led to crop failures and a decline in global barley production.
• 2013-2014: Barley prices fell in 2013 and 2014 as harvest conditions improved and production picked up again. Good weather and a larger acreage led to an oversupply on the market.
• 2015-2016: Barley prices remained relatively stable in 2015 and 2016 as supply and demand largely balanced out. World barley production remained at high levels, while demand for barley for animal feed and beer brewing remained stable.
• 2017-2018: Barley prices increased again in 2017 and 2018 as the demand for barley for beer brewing increased. The rising popularity of craft beers and the growing beer industry worldwide led to a higher demand for barley as a raw material.
• 2019-2020: Barley prices have been hit by uncertainties in 2019 and 2020 due to trade tensions and the COVID-19 pandemic. The trade restrictions and disruption in supply chains impacted the global grain market, including barley prices.

It is important to note that barley price dynamics depend on many factors, including weather conditions, supply and demand, exchange rates and political developments. Prices can vary significantly from year to year and are difficult to predict.